Paper No. 23-0 ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF SULFUR IN COALS
CHOU, Chen-Lin, Illinois State Geological Survey
615 E Peabody Dr, Champaign, IL 61820-6964
From: Simon Wareing/SEU-OuterCircle
Sulfur in coal is derived primarily from two sources: the original plant materials and ambient fluids in the coal-forming environment. Abundance of sulfur in coals is controlled by depositional environments and the diagenetic history of the coal seams and overlying strata. The seawater interaction with the peat results in elevated levels of sulfur in coals. Low-sulfur coal seams, such as the Tertiary coals in the Powder River Basin, were deposited in an alluvial environment and the peat was not influenced by seawater. The sulfur in these low-sulfur coals is derived mostly from its parent plant materials. In contrast, high-sulfur coal seams are generally associated with marine strata. For example, the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin is predominantly high-sulfur, and the seam is mostly overlain by the marine Anna Shale and Brereton Limestone. The rare, yet characteristically superhigh-organic-sulfur (SHOS) coal of Guidin, Guizhou, China, was deposited during the Late Permian on a carbonate platform where there was plenty of seawater sulfate but a lack of iron.
In the formation of high-sulfur coal, seawater sulfate diffuses into peat and is reduced by microorganisms to hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur and polysulfides. During early diagenesis in a reducing environment, ferric iron is reduced to ferrous iron, which reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form iron monosulfide. Iron monosulfide is later transformed by reaction with elemental sulfur into pyrite. Organic sulfur is formed by reaction of reduced sulfur species with the premaceral humic substances formed by bacterial decomposition of the peat. Organic sulfur species in coals are mainly thiols, sulfides, disulfides, and thiophene and its derivatives. The thiophenic fraction of organic sulfur increases with the carbon content of coals. Organic sulfur compounds formed in peat are mostly thiols and sulfides, which gradually convert to thiophenes with increasing coal maturation. Thus, the organic sulfur species in coal evolve during the history of coal formation.
www.hatheway.net/02_enviro_threat.htm
check the table for byproducts of coal in industry
White House - AP Cabinet & StateEnvironmentalists Fear Mountaintop Mining
By NANCY ZUCKERBROD, Associated Press Writer Jan 7, 2004
WASHINGTON - The Bush administration proposed on Wednesday revising a policy that limits mining activity near streams, changes environmentalists say will encourage a particularly destructive way of obtaining coal.
The method, dubbed "mountaintop mining," involves shearing off the tops of ridges to expose a coal seam. Dirt and rock are pushed into nearby stream beds, a practice known as valley fill.
The Interior Department's proposal would eliminate an existing policy that says land within 100 feet of a stream cannot be disturbed by mining activity unless a company can prove that the work won't affect the stream's water quality and quantity.
In the proposed rule, the department said that the standard is impossible to comply with and coal operators must instead prevent damage to streams "to the extent possible, using the best technology currently available."
Environmentalists said valley fills are a violation of the existing buffer zone rule and that the Bush administration is caving into the industry, which wants to protect its ability to use the increasingly popular mining technique.
"Instead of changing industry practice to conform to the law, the Bush administration is changing the law to conform to industry practices," said Jim Hecker, a Washington-based environmental lawyer. He is involved in a West Virginia court case challenging the practice of mountaintop mining.
A federal judge in West Virginia previously ruled that mountaintop mining violated the "buffer zone rule," but an appeals court decided that the judge lacked the jurisdiction to hear the case, saying it should have been tried in state court.
The Bush administration argued the new rule is needed to clarify the intent of the buffer zone rule, which was last amended in 1983 and which federal officials say wasn't designed to prevent mountaintop mining altogether.
"I think you've got to recognize that's a viable means of mining coal," said Dave Hartos, a scientist with the Interior Department who helped write the rule.
Carol Raulston, a spokeswoman for the National Mining Association, said the current buffer zone rule is confusing and goes beyond what Congress intended when it passed in 1977 a sweeping law that dealt with the environmental impact of coal mining.
Joan Mulhern, a lawyer for the Washington group Earthjustice Legal Defense Fund said the proposal is the second major blow to environmentalists' efforts to prevent damage from mountaintop mining. The administration issued a rule in May 2002 that eliminated an Army Corps ban on mine waste and other pollution in waterways.
The Interior Department is taking comments on the proposal until March.
More on Sulphur
www.ieagreen.org.uk/atmenv.htm
great page for the basics in reasonable language
Main sources of Sulphur
Source /Amount Mt(S)/y - million tons/year
Human activities
Fossil fuels (mainly SO2) 70-80
Smelting 6.8
Biomass burning (SO2) 0.8-2.5
Natural sources
Oceans 19-51
Volcanic emissions (mainly SO2) 7-10
Soil erosion 1-5
Soils and plants 0.2-4
Source: Adams and Smith, 1995
*****************************
Fascism v Lorax
boards.marihemp.com/board.../37444.gif
Issolube
www.cannabinoid.com/board.../37437.gif
Hempron
www.cannabinoid.com/board.../35341.gif
NASA GISS: Tracking Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning
www.giss.nasa.gov/researc...tthews_01/
Judge Orders Cheney Records Released
www.truthout.com/02.28AA....Cheney.htm
Bush Flatly Refuses to Hand Over Energy Papers www.truthout.com/docs_02/...efuses.htm
Bush's Stealth Policy on Nuclear Arms www.truthout.com/docs_02/...th.NMD.htm
Bushit Cheneynagans D.E.A.th & Oil!
makeashorterlink.com/?I2ED52B45
OPEC Dick
boards.marihemp.com/board.../40044.gif
Cannabis Fuel
www.angelfire.com/ca7/ddc/Fuel.html
Hemp Car
www.hempcar.org
Veggie Van
www.veggievan.org
Hemp Car Article
www.cannabisnews.com/news...8150.shtml
Hemp for Fuel: Energy Farming
www.angelfire.com/ca7/ddc/Fuel.html
From the Ground Up Fords Biomass Car
www.electricemperor.com/e...15.HTM#car
HempCyberFarm Bio-Diesel
www.hemp-cyberfarm.com/ht...iesel.html
KELSEYVILLE Virtual Village Bio-diesel
www.kelseyville.com/biodsl/
Hemp for Victory FSTV Documentary (Real Player)
www.freespeech.org/ramfil...ictory.ram
The largest single source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is the burning of fossil fuel (coal, oil and gas), which currently accounts for ~80% of the annual emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. www.giss.nasa.gov/researc...atthews.01
"Biodiesel as an alternative fuel is considered a more cost efficient choice among the available technologies for transit systems this size," said Richard Matthews, Transit Director of Athens. "The high capital costs associated with renovating the maintenance and fueling facilities to operate equipment on compressed natural gas is not present with biodiesel. The only facility modifications needed are a separate fuel storage tank and pump. continued... www.bae.uga.edu/outreach/biodiesel
Hemp Plastics- now independantly valued at US$900m industry
www.hemp.co.uk/html/plastic0103.html
Natural Fibres for Car Componenets with DaimlerChrysler
www.hemp.co.uk/html/merce...onuts.html
Hemp Plastic
www.hempplastic.com
House of Hemp By Roberta Avery
www.cannabisnews.com/news...8119.shtml
Cannabis News Hemp Links
freedomtoexhale.com/hls.htm
The Green, Green Grass That's Home
cannabisnews.com/news/thread16615.shtml
Advocates Still High on Hemp
cannabisnews.com/news/thread15898.shtml
Picture of Hemp Field and Web Site
www.hempola.com
www.hempola.com/assets/im...nfield.jpg
Corporate Patriotism.
www.commondreams.org/views01/1110-07.htm
"Fascism should more appropriately be called corporatism
because it is a merger of state and corporate power." --Mussolini
THE OIL WAR OF 1872
makeashorterlink.com/?G37512B45
Power of fossil fuel producers exposed
www.climateark.org/articl...ldenee.htm
From Rio to Buenos Aires: World Bank Fossil Fuel Lending
www.seen.org/wbstill/stbackground.html
Kingpins of Carbon - Table of Contents
www.nrdc.org/globalWarmin...kocinx.asp
Inventory of World Bank Fossil Fuel Projects
www.seen.org/wbstill/stinvent.html
FOSSILE FUEL SUBSIDIES FACT SHEET
www.taxpayer.net/TCS/fuelsubfact.htm
An analysis of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development fossil fuel project lending since the 1992 Earth Summit
www.seen.org/ebrd/ebrd-execsum.html
PLAN COLOMBIA TARGETS OIL, NOT DRUGS
www.alternet.org/story.ht...ryID=11242
"Certain American industrialists had a great deal to do with bringing fascist regimes into being in both Germany and Italy. They extended aid to help Fascism occupy the seat of power, and they are helping to keep it there." - William E. Dodd, U.S. Ambassador to Germany, 1937. Continued...
www.sumeria.net/politics/invpro.html
Shadow of the Swastika
www.sumeria.net/politics/shadv3.html
www.enn.com
CHOU, Chen-Lin, Illinois State Geological Survey
615 E Peabody Dr, Champaign, IL 61820-6964
From: Simon Wareing/SEU-OuterCircle
Sulfur in coal is derived primarily from two sources: the original plant materials and ambient fluids in the coal-forming environment. Abundance of sulfur in coals is controlled by depositional environments and the diagenetic history of the coal seams and overlying strata. The seawater interaction with the peat results in elevated levels of sulfur in coals. Low-sulfur coal seams, such as the Tertiary coals in the Powder River Basin, were deposited in an alluvial environment and the peat was not influenced by seawater. The sulfur in these low-sulfur coals is derived mostly from its parent plant materials. In contrast, high-sulfur coal seams are generally associated with marine strata. For example, the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin is predominantly high-sulfur, and the seam is mostly overlain by the marine Anna Shale and Brereton Limestone. The rare, yet characteristically superhigh-organic-sulfur (SHOS) coal of Guidin, Guizhou, China, was deposited during the Late Permian on a carbonate platform where there was plenty of seawater sulfate but a lack of iron.
In the formation of high-sulfur coal, seawater sulfate diffuses into peat and is reduced by microorganisms to hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur and polysulfides. During early diagenesis in a reducing environment, ferric iron is reduced to ferrous iron, which reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form iron monosulfide. Iron monosulfide is later transformed by reaction with elemental sulfur into pyrite. Organic sulfur is formed by reaction of reduced sulfur species with the premaceral humic substances formed by bacterial decomposition of the peat. Organic sulfur species in coals are mainly thiols, sulfides, disulfides, and thiophene and its derivatives. The thiophenic fraction of organic sulfur increases with the carbon content of coals. Organic sulfur compounds formed in peat are mostly thiols and sulfides, which gradually convert to thiophenes with increasing coal maturation. Thus, the organic sulfur species in coal evolve during the history of coal formation.
www.hatheway.net/02_enviro_threat.htm
check the table for byproducts of coal in industry
White House - AP Cabinet & StateEnvironmentalists Fear Mountaintop Mining
By NANCY ZUCKERBROD, Associated Press Writer Jan 7, 2004
WASHINGTON - The Bush administration proposed on Wednesday revising a policy that limits mining activity near streams, changes environmentalists say will encourage a particularly destructive way of obtaining coal.
The method, dubbed "mountaintop mining," involves shearing off the tops of ridges to expose a coal seam. Dirt and rock are pushed into nearby stream beds, a practice known as valley fill.
The Interior Department's proposal would eliminate an existing policy that says land within 100 feet of a stream cannot be disturbed by mining activity unless a company can prove that the work won't affect the stream's water quality and quantity.
In the proposed rule, the department said that the standard is impossible to comply with and coal operators must instead prevent damage to streams "to the extent possible, using the best technology currently available."
Environmentalists said valley fills are a violation of the existing buffer zone rule and that the Bush administration is caving into the industry, which wants to protect its ability to use the increasingly popular mining technique.
"Instead of changing industry practice to conform to the law, the Bush administration is changing the law to conform to industry practices," said Jim Hecker, a Washington-based environmental lawyer. He is involved in a West Virginia court case challenging the practice of mountaintop mining.
A federal judge in West Virginia previously ruled that mountaintop mining violated the "buffer zone rule," but an appeals court decided that the judge lacked the jurisdiction to hear the case, saying it should have been tried in state court.
The Bush administration argued the new rule is needed to clarify the intent of the buffer zone rule, which was last amended in 1983 and which federal officials say wasn't designed to prevent mountaintop mining altogether.
"I think you've got to recognize that's a viable means of mining coal," said Dave Hartos, a scientist with the Interior Department who helped write the rule.
Carol Raulston, a spokeswoman for the National Mining Association, said the current buffer zone rule is confusing and goes beyond what Congress intended when it passed in 1977 a sweeping law that dealt with the environmental impact of coal mining.
Joan Mulhern, a lawyer for the Washington group Earthjustice Legal Defense Fund said the proposal is the second major blow to environmentalists' efforts to prevent damage from mountaintop mining. The administration issued a rule in May 2002 that eliminated an Army Corps ban on mine waste and other pollution in waterways.
The Interior Department is taking comments on the proposal until March.
More on Sulphur
www.ieagreen.org.uk/atmenv.htm
great page for the basics in reasonable language
Main sources of Sulphur
Source /Amount Mt(S)/y - million tons/year
Human activities
Fossil fuels (mainly SO2) 70-80
Smelting 6.8
Biomass burning (SO2) 0.8-2.5
Natural sources
Oceans 19-51
Volcanic emissions (mainly SO2) 7-10
Soil erosion 1-5
Soils and plants 0.2-4
Source: Adams and Smith, 1995
*****************************
Fascism v Lorax
boards.marihemp.com/board.../37444.gif
Issolube
www.cannabinoid.com/board.../37437.gif
Hempron
www.cannabinoid.com/board.../35341.gif
NASA GISS: Tracking Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning
www.giss.nasa.gov/researc...tthews_01/
Judge Orders Cheney Records Released
www.truthout.com/02.28AA....Cheney.htm
Bush Flatly Refuses to Hand Over Energy Papers www.truthout.com/docs_02/...efuses.htm
Bush's Stealth Policy on Nuclear Arms www.truthout.com/docs_02/...th.NMD.htm
Bushit Cheneynagans D.E.A.th & Oil!
makeashorterlink.com/?I2ED52B45
OPEC Dick
boards.marihemp.com/board.../40044.gif
Cannabis Fuel
www.angelfire.com/ca7/ddc/Fuel.html
Hemp Car
www.hempcar.org
Veggie Van
www.veggievan.org
Hemp Car Article
www.cannabisnews.com/news...8150.shtml
Hemp for Fuel: Energy Farming
www.angelfire.com/ca7/ddc/Fuel.html
From the Ground Up Fords Biomass Car
www.electricemperor.com/e...15.HTM#car
HempCyberFarm Bio-Diesel
www.hemp-cyberfarm.com/ht...iesel.html
KELSEYVILLE Virtual Village Bio-diesel
www.kelseyville.com/biodsl/
Hemp for Victory FSTV Documentary (Real Player)
www.freespeech.org/ramfil...ictory.ram
The largest single source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is the burning of fossil fuel (coal, oil and gas), which currently accounts for ~80% of the annual emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. www.giss.nasa.gov/researc...atthews.01
"Biodiesel as an alternative fuel is considered a more cost efficient choice among the available technologies for transit systems this size," said Richard Matthews, Transit Director of Athens. "The high capital costs associated with renovating the maintenance and fueling facilities to operate equipment on compressed natural gas is not present with biodiesel. The only facility modifications needed are a separate fuel storage tank and pump. continued... www.bae.uga.edu/outreach/biodiesel
Hemp Plastics- now independantly valued at US$900m industry
www.hemp.co.uk/html/plastic0103.html
Natural Fibres for Car Componenets with DaimlerChrysler
www.hemp.co.uk/html/merce...onuts.html
Hemp Plastic
www.hempplastic.com
House of Hemp By Roberta Avery
www.cannabisnews.com/news...8119.shtml
Cannabis News Hemp Links
freedomtoexhale.com/hls.htm
The Green, Green Grass That's Home
cannabisnews.com/news/thread16615.shtml
Advocates Still High on Hemp
cannabisnews.com/news/thread15898.shtml
Picture of Hemp Field and Web Site
www.hempola.com
www.hempola.com/assets/im...nfield.jpg
Corporate Patriotism.
www.commondreams.org/views01/1110-07.htm
"Fascism should more appropriately be called corporatism
because it is a merger of state and corporate power." --Mussolini
THE OIL WAR OF 1872
makeashorterlink.com/?G37512B45
Power of fossil fuel producers exposed
www.climateark.org/articl...ldenee.htm
From Rio to Buenos Aires: World Bank Fossil Fuel Lending
www.seen.org/wbstill/stbackground.html
Kingpins of Carbon - Table of Contents
www.nrdc.org/globalWarmin...kocinx.asp
Inventory of World Bank Fossil Fuel Projects
www.seen.org/wbstill/stinvent.html
FOSSILE FUEL SUBSIDIES FACT SHEET
www.taxpayer.net/TCS/fuelsubfact.htm
An analysis of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development fossil fuel project lending since the 1992 Earth Summit
www.seen.org/ebrd/ebrd-execsum.html
PLAN COLOMBIA TARGETS OIL, NOT DRUGS
www.alternet.org/story.ht...ryID=11242
"Certain American industrialists had a great deal to do with bringing fascist regimes into being in both Germany and Italy. They extended aid to help Fascism occupy the seat of power, and they are helping to keep it there." - William E. Dodd, U.S. Ambassador to Germany, 1937. Continued...
www.sumeria.net/politics/invpro.html
Shadow of the Swastika
www.sumeria.net/politics/shadv3.html
www.enn.com
